Psychedelic Therapy Setting Design: A Brief Guide
Luīze Anna Bankoviča*
As the resurgence of psychedelics ushers in a new era of mental health exploration, the significance of designing the appropriate environment and infrastructure is rising.
The world is currently experiencing an extraordinary revival of interest surrounding the therapeutic potential of mind-altering substances. As the resurgence of psychedelics ushers in a new era of mental health exploration, the significance of designing the appropriate environment and infrastructure is rising. These substances, also referred to by the term psychedelics, psychotomimetics, or hallucinogens, are psychoactive or psychologically active substances. Another term associated with mind-altering substances is “entheogen”, meaning “generating God within”; it was first used in 1979 and is increasingly used to refer to a group of natural psychoactive substances. It is believed that entheogens have been used for thousands of years in different indigenous cultures and religions. Known for their mind-altering effects, it has been discovered that these substances impact many systems within the body and mind. The classical psychedelics, or the most commonly known mind-altering substances, are psilocybin, DMT, mescaline, and LSD, with some experts also including MDMA and cannabis.
This article is a culmination of my master’s thesis research, in which I embarked on a journey to dissect the multifaceted dimensions of physical settings and the nuanced social and cultural contexts shaping psychedelic and mind-altering experiences. Employing a participatory experience observation methodology, I meticulously analyzed a myriad of elements constituting the physical space, ranging from architectural design and interior ergonomics to lighting nuances and sensory enhancements. Simultaneously, I delved into the intricate web of social dynamics and cultural nuances, dissecting the role of facilitators, the impact of social dynamics, and the influence of diverse cultural perspectives. The results of this exploration underscored a fundamental truth: the design of both the physical and social environments is not just a backdrop but a guiding force, intricately intertwined with the psyche of the individual and their experience. In the following pages, we will delve into the synthesis of indigenous wisdom and modern scientific understanding, aiming to work towards a compassionate framework that harmonizes tradition, individuality, and holistic well-being, ushering individuals into the uncharted territories of human consciousness with respect, honour, and profound transformative potential.
In the past few years, there has been a significant rise in societal acceptance of psychoactive substances as valuable therapeutic tools. This resurgence has resulted in a substantial increase in the availability of therapy options, ranging from clinical settings to specialized retreat centres. This often-called “psychedelic renaissance” represents a profound shift in our approach to mental health treatment and consciousness exploration. As we navigate this transformative era, it is crucial to explore the key factors driving this psychedelic renaissance, including the compelling data that underscores its significance. Psychedelics have the potential to bring a paradigm shift in mental health. Traditional models of treating mental health disorders have faced growing scrutiny due to their limitations in providing sustainable benefits and lasting relief. Conversely, psychedelics like psilocybin (the active compound in magic mushrooms) and MDMA have demonstrated the potential to address a wide range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, PTSD, and addiction.
This often-called “psychedelic renaissance” represents a profound shift in our approach to mental health treatment and consciousness exploration.
In the realm of psychedelic exploration, a motif has been gaining traction with profound significance: “set and setting”. These two seemingly simple words encapsulate the essence of a deeply healing and meaningful psychedelic journey. The term “set” refers to the frame of mind or the expectations with which a person is going into an experience, including personality structure and their level of preparation for the experience. “Setting” refers to the physical place or environment in which the experience occurs as well as the social and cultural environment. The term “set and setting” was originally coined by the American psychologist Timothy Leary in 1961. Leary highlights that set and setting are key aspects determining the foundation of an experience and how one’s experience will develop, suggesting that the drug dose does not produce the transcendent experience. It merely acts as a chemical key – it opens the mind and frees the nervous system of its ordinary patterns and structures. The nature of the experience depends almost entirely on set and setting (Leary, Metzner and Ram Dass, 1969, p. 2).
However, acknowledging that these factors profoundly influence practices and their experience is not new. The concept of set and setting in the context of psychedelic experiences has deep historical roots. Ancient cultures from various corners of the world understood the importance of these factors long before modern science began to unravel the mysteries of psychedelics. For thousands of years, different cultures have deeply respected psychedelic substances and their consumption. Among these cultures are the practitioners of ayahuasca ceremonies in the heart of the Amazon rainforest and the participants in peyote rituals among Native American tribes. These traditions reveal a profound understanding of the interplay between “set” and “setting”. The indigenous people understood the importance of ritual and intention when engaging with a mind-altering substance. Indigenous ceremonies are rich in cultural traditions and are often guided by experienced shamans or revered elders who navigate individuals and groups through the journey. These rituals create a sacred and secure “setting” where the community’s beliefs and values are honoured. Indigenous ceremonies generally unfold in natural settings, emphasising the deep connection between the natural world and the psychedelic experience. Such settings are considered important gateways to spiritual insight and the key to profound transformation.
The concept of set and setting in the context of psychedelic experiences has deep historical roots. Ancient cultures from various corners of the world understood the importance of these factors long before modern science began to unravel the mysteries of psychedelics.
Leary, however, introduced this knowledge into modern psychotherapy and psychology by introducing the concepts of set and setting, drawing attention to the fact that the intentional use of these substances should also be encouraged in the contemporary world and that careful consideration of the environment and frame of mind is needed. Today, westernized psychedelic therapies and indigenous psychedelic ceremonies share a common structure consisting of three fundamental stages: preparation, the psychedelic session, and integration. This universal framework underscores the recognition that the transformative potential of these experiences extends beyond the actual session itself.
Today, westernized psychedelic therapies and indigenous psychedelic ceremonies share a common structure consisting of three fundamental stages: preparation, the psychedelic session, and integration.
During the preparation phase, participants are equipped with the essential knowledge, mindset, and intentions necessary for a safe and purposeful journey. Marc Aixalà, a Spanish psychologist and psychotherapist, emphasizes the pivotal role of facilitators, indicating their equal responsibility alongside participants in shaping the experience. During the psychedelic session, individuals are encouraged to explore their inner realms, gaining profound insights and healing. Finally, integration serves as the essential bridge between the psychedelic experience and daily life, enabling participants to process their newfound wisdom and apply it to their continuous personal growth and well-being. This threefold approach acknowledges that healing and transformation are not confined to the psychedelic session alone; they extend beyond it, into the integration of these insights into one’s everyday existence, thereby rendering the therapy a truly holistic and life-altering journey.
Integration serves as the essential bridge between the psychedelic experience and daily life, enabling participants to process their newfound wisdom and apply it to their continuous personal growth and well-being.
During my research, I employed a participatory experience observation methodology to analyse the multifaceted dimensions of physical environmental settings and the intricate social and cultural contexts of psychedelic and mind-altering experiences. During the research process, I constructed a comprehensive template encompassing various facets of these settings to thoroughly describe and examine their influence on the overall experience. The physical environment setting encompassed the following elements: location, building (architecture), interior (structure of space), furniture, textures (materials), artworks, plants and flowers, other objects, colours (general colour palette), temperature, lighting, scent, food and drinks, clothing, and physical support, safety, and comfort. The social and cultural environment setting included aspects such as participation (individual vs. group setting), number of facilitators, preparation and instructions, facilitator rapport (the bond between facilitator and participant), intention setting, emotional support, safety and comfort, social relationships and interactions, structured vs. unstructured setting design, religious, ritual and ceremonial factors, music and sound, dance, exposure to different cultures, and aftercare.
My findings indicated that the design of the physical environment for psychedelic therapy is indeed highly significant. Every aspect of the setting can potentially play a crucial role in influencing the individual’s experience. Here are those I found to be most important:
Location
The choice of location is fundamental. It should provide space for solitude and tranquillity, allowing participants to disconnect from external distractions and connect deeply with their inner selves.
Architectural Design and Layout
The architectural design should foster a sense of safety and comfort, preferably in harmony with the natural surroundings, creating a seamless transition between indoor and outdoor spaces. The layout of the space should be carefully planned to accommodate different phases of the psychedelic experience, if needed. This includes private areas for individual introspection and communal spaces for group sessions, if applicable.
Interior and Furniture
Comfortable and ergonomically designed interiors are essential, allowing individuals to relax and move freely during their journeys.
Textures and Artworks
My research also demonstrated that the choice of materials impacts the sensory experience, with natural textile fibres and soothing textures preferred. Thoughtfully selected artworks have also been shown to enhance the experience.
Nature’s Presence
Additionally, plants and flowers can bring life and vitality to the environment, offering a connection to nature and a sense of nurturing. Opting for a setting in close proximity to natural surroundings is also recommended. Embracing a location nestled within nature’s embrace is often advised for its ability to enhance the overall experience, fostering a profound connection with the environment and nature.
Colours and Objects
The colour scheme of the space should be carefully chosen with specific emotions and moods in mind. Objects with symbolic or cultural significance may be incorporated to create a personalised atmosphere. This is often done in the form of a collectively created altar or through the clothing and jewellery worn.
Lighting and Scents
Lighting sets the tone for the experience, with soft, natural, and adjustable lighting allowing for flexibility in creating different atmospheres. Scents, such as essential oils, incense and the smoke of various plants, can enhance the experience and provide guidance as well as evoke positive emotions and memories.
Comfort: Food, Clothing and Temperature
Depending on the type of ceremony or therapy (i.e. the compound used), food and diet can be important, and water must be provided and easily accessible. Participants should also be encouraged to wear comfortable clothing that allows for free movement and relaxation, however, the clothing is recommended to be aesthetically pleasant or with a symbolic or cultural meaning for the person. An often overlooked aspect of setting; maintaining a comfortable temperature is crucial, requiring adequate heating or cooling capacities.
Physical Support and Safety Measures
Another important aspect is to ensure that participants have access to blankets, cushions, and physical support. And finally, safety measures, including emergency protocols and trained staff, must be in place to address any unforeseen circumstances.
The design of the physical environment for psychedelic therapy is a holistic endeavour, one where every detail should be carefully considered to create a safe, comfortable, and transformative space. By paying meticulous attention to these elements, therapists and facilitators can maximise the therapeutic potential of the psychedelic experience and support individuals on their journeys.
The design of the physical environment for psychedelic therapy is a holistic endeavour, one where every detail should be carefully considered to create a safe, comfortable, and transformative space.
Designing the social and cultural environment for psychedelic therapy is a multifaceted task that demands meticulous consideration of several factors, each of which intricately shapes the overall experience and safeguards the well-being of participants.
Individual versus Group Settings: The choice between individual and group settings stands as a critical decision, delineating personalized versus communal experiences, both offering distinct advantages.
Facilitators
Facilitators, indispensable to the process, must be seasoned professionals who guide the participants. Facilitators must ensure safety and adeptly navigate any emotional challenges that may arise.
Intentions and Emotional Support
Clear and thorough preparation and instructions are fundamental in setting the groundwork for a positive journey. The establishment of a robust rapport between facilitators and participants cultivates trust and openness, providing emotional security for individuals to explore their inner realms.
Social Relationships and Structure
The dynamics of social relationships in group settings wield significant influence, necessitating careful consideration in order to foster a supportive and harmonious atmosphere. Deciding on the level of structure, whether through structured activities or an unstructured approach, profoundly shapes the flow of the overall experience.
Cultural and Ritual Elements
Integrating elements of religious, ritual, or ceremonial traditions enriches the journey, adding cultural depth and significance. Music and soundscapes wield immense influence as they guide introspection and evoke emotions.
Movement, Dance, and Cultural Diversity
Movement and dance are integral to some psychedelic experiences, enabling participants to express themselves physically and tap into the mind-body connection. Exposure to diverse cultural perspectives broadens understanding and appreciation of the global significance of psychedelics.
Post-Integration and Aftercare:
After the experience, post-integration and aftercare have been proven indispensable, offering vital resources and support for participants in processing their insights and integrating them into their lives, thereby ensuring enduring transformation.
Crafting the social and cultural environment for psychedelic therapy calls for a nuanced consideration of these elements. Tailoring the setting to participants’ specific needs and goals while fostering a safe, supportive, and culturally sensitive atmosphere is paramount, significantly enhancing the efficacy and transformative potential of the psychedelic experience.
The resurgence of interest in psychedelics is marking the dawn of a new era in transforming our current approach to treating mental disorders and encourages a new approach to self-exploration. The compelling data from clinical trials reinforces the potential of psychedelics to transform mental health care. As the scientific community, regulators, and society at large increasingly welcome this revival, it offers hope for millions of individuals seeking relief from mental health difficulties and an opportunity to explore the uncharted territories of human consciousness.
As the psychedelic industry continues to expand, it’s becoming clear that set and setting are not mere footnotes in the world of psychedelic experiences – they are fundamental to the safety, depth and effectiveness of these journeys. Indigenous wisdom offers unique perspectives on how to optimise set and setting for maximum benefit, while the Western scientific approach is increasingly proving the efficacy of this medicine and the benefits and solutions it could bring to the many challenges being faced by today’s society in terms of the mental health crisis. By synthesizing these insights, we can hope to create a more comprehensive and compassionate framework for harnessing the transformative potential of psychedelics, one that respects tradition, honours the individual, and promotes holistic healing.
As the psychedelic industry continues to expand, it’s becoming clear that set and setting are not mere footnotes in the world of psychedelic experiences – they are fundamental to the safety, depth and effectiveness of these journeys.
“In the right setting, with the right guidance and the right intention, a permanent and positive life-changing experience can happen.” This sentiment by Gerard Armond Powell, a conscious entrepreneur and author, encapsulates the essence of regenerative psychedelic experiences. It is essential to provide a carefully designed environment and support in order to foster a culture of safe, informed, and empowered exploration that will make transformative experiences accessible and beneficial for all.
References:
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Leary, T., Metzner, R., and Ram Dass (1969). The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books.
McKenna, T. (1999). Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge: A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. London: Rider.
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Preedy, V.R. (2016). Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 1: Foundations of Understanding, Tobacco, Alcohol, Cannabinoids, and Opioids. San Diego, CA, USA: Elsevier Science.
Richards, W.A. and Barnard, G.W. (2016). Sacred Knowledge: Psychedelics and Religious Experiences. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wexler, P. (2019). Toxicology in Antiquity. London: Academic Press.
*Luīze Anna Bankoviča is an experience designer with a master’s degree in Sustainability in Creative Industries from AMD Berlin, the design department of the Fresenius University of Applied Sciences. Her research focused on the link between mind-altering practices and the development of regenerative behaviour and value shift. She specifically explores the impact of the physical environment, social and cultural setting and the practice structure. Her work focuses on interdisciplinary field research to examine and design the various aspects of settings for safe and transformational experiences.
